Animation merged in such a way with Disney’s name that it’s hard for us to imagine one without the other , although the animated-cartoon was very popular before Disney’s birth and even before the appearance of the cinema . The original simple form was a toy for children , a notebook whose pages could be passed quickly . On each page were drown figures , each slightly different from predecessor . When the pages runs , the speed of the passing frames creates the appearance of movement allowing the characters to perform in a lifelike way .
From the 1830s onward optical toys-such as the Phenakistoscope (a revolving disk with figures arranged around the centre) , Zoetrope (an optical toy in which figures on the inside of a revolving cylinder are seen through slits in its circumference) , and the Praxinoscope (a device that used reflections of objects to achieve the illusion of movement)-were designed to demonstrate or exploit the physical phenomenon of “persistence of vision” .
Such instruments used a technique comparable to the modern cartoon film : drowings of successive stages of an action were presented so rapidly that they produced an illusion of movement .
Although the French filmmaker George Mélies had demontrated the possibilities of the stop motion photography,frame by frame , technique by which animated film have generally been produced , by 1907 . J. Stuart Blackton , in the United States , had made for the first time an animated film : “Humoros Phases of Funny Faces” .
The earliest American animated films were derived from newspaper comic strips , where characters such as Mutt and Jeff , Happy Hooligan and The Katezen Jammer Kids originated .
The first American artist to draw for films was Winsor
McCay with his Gertie the Dinosaur and a serie called “Dreams of a Rarebit Fiend” and the most famous cartoon personality before Disney’s Mickey Mouse , however , was Felix the Cat ,


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created by Pat Sullivan and animated by Otto Mesmer .
The 1940s and 50s saw reactions against the Disney style . Such artists as Bill Hanna and Joe Barbera , Tex Avery , Paul Terry , Walter Lantz and Chuck Jones continued in the same style of animation but added a new anarchie and surred comedy . The artists working for United Productions of America (UPA) , reacted against the detail and naturalism of the Disney style with spare , nonnaturalistic drawing inspired by contemporary art and such practitioners as Saul Stunberg .
In Canada the Scots animator Norman McLaren experimented with stereoscopy , synthetic sound , and other techniques , many of which were further developed by the school of animators he built up . Among McLaren’s colleagues and disciples was George Dunning , who subsequently worked in Great Britain , where the animated cinema was vigorous after 1950 . Other noteble animators working in Britain included John Halas and Joy Batchelor [sic] already established there during World War II ; Peter Földes ; Bob Godfrey an inspired exponent of low comedy .
The most famous cartoonist is Walt Disney (b.5.Dec.1901-d.15.Dec.1966) . He was a motion-picture and television producer and showman , famous as a pioneer of animated cartoon films and as the creator of such cartoon characters as Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck . Dissatisfied with their progress Disney and Iwerks started a small studio of their own and acquired a second-hand motion-picture camera with which they made one-and-two-minute, animated advertising films shown on local movie theatre programs, much as commercials are shown on television today . They also did a series of animated cartoon of seven-minutes , which they called “Alice in Cartoonland” . They invented a character called Oswald the Rabbit .

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