“... right is more precious than peace, and we shall fight for the things which we have always carried nearest our hearts, - for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own governments.... To such a task we can dedicate our lives and our fortunes, everything that we are and everything that we have, with the pride of those who know that the day has come when America is privileged to spend her blood and her might for the principles that gave her birth and happiness and the peace which she has treasured. God helping her, she can do no other.”



Woodrow Wilson ( April 2, 1917 )
















Table of contents






- Introduction.........................................................................1

- Chapter I - Jimmy Carter - successful businessman, firmness president.........................................................................2

- Chapter II - Ronald Reagan - the image of optimism...........5

- Chapter III - George Bush - the education president..........10

- Conclusions.......................................................................13


















Bibliography





- World Book of America’s Presidents
World Book, Inc. 1989
Susan Blum
Marlene Targ Brill
James J. Clark
Teresa Kryst Fertig

- The President’s World
World Book Encyclopedia 1982
Kathleen L. Florio
Horthense Leon
Anne V. McGravie

- The Readers’ Guide
Ed. Messner 1977
Thomas Cronin
David Weingart












INTRODUCTION


The President - A Unique Leader

The President of the United States has been called the most powerful person in the world - and with good reason. In spite of the fact that frames of the Constitution listed all the powers of the President in just a few paragraphs, the President today occupies a uniquely powerful position. Over the years, events and presidential personalities have molded the office of the presidency, so that the President has become truly a world leader, as well as leader of the nation.
One of the reasons for this position is the variety of roles the President plays in American political life. As chief of state, the President carries out various ceremonial functions, such as greeting foreign dignitaries and hosting glittering state dinners. As the nation’s chief executive the President is responsible for the enforcement of federal laws and can appoint and remove thousands of federal officials. The President shapes the nation’s domestic and foreign policies by proposing legislation and issuing executive orders. The President serves as commander - in -chief of the nation’s armed forces. In addition, this national leader heads a political party and is expected to give time and support to party affairs. In most other countries, this various functions are carried out by more than one person, but in the U.S. they are all the President’s responsability.














CHAPTER I


Jimmy Carter
- 39th President of the United States
1977 - 1981

Kindred Carter, the future President’s great - great - great - great - grandfather, was the first of the family line to reach Georgia, in about 1787. He and his descendants were successful farmers. Great - great - grandfather Wiley Carter left not only land, but also $22,000 to each of his 12 heirs. The son of James Earl Carter, Sr., and Lillian Gordy Carter was born in Plains, Ga., on October 1, 1924. His father was a farmer who also owned timberland, bought and sold peanuts, and ran a general store.
Known from infancy as Jimmy, the younger James Earl grew up in an atmosphere of hard work and high expectations for good performance. A small youth, he played on the Plains High School basketball team, although he probably feld more comfortable as a member of the Book Lovers Club. Jimmy liked to read, and he made good grades in school.
Upon graduation in 1941, Carter enrolled in Georgia South-western College, a junior college in Americus. The following year he won appointment to the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, Md.Carter then attended the Georgia Institute of Technology for a year to pick up mathematics courses he lacked. He graduated from the academy in 1946, and on July 7 he married Rosalynn Smith. She was also a native of Plains and the good friend of Carter’s sister Ruth. After high school, Rosalynn, too, when to Georgia South-western College. She and Jimmy had their first date in 1945 and it was enough for him to realise that she was the one he wanted to marry.
During his first two years as a naval officer, Carter was a instructor in electronics. He then took submarine training and became one of a group officers involved in the development of nuclear submarines.

The Businessman
His father died in 1953, and Carter left the navy, returned to Plains, and took over the family farm and peanuts business. He quickly became a successful farmer and businessman. He was also a civic leader.



Jimmy relied heavily on Rosalynn in the business seeking and taking her advice. “Jimmy” - she remembered - “came to me on all the decisions about the business, and I could advise him, because I kept all the books, I studied the tax laws, I knew everything that was going on - and it was always exciting.”
Carter entered politics in 1962, winning election as a Democrat to the Georgia state senate. He was re-elected two years later. At that point he set his sights on the governorship but lost his first attempt in 1966. He then campaigned almost steadily for the office during the next four years.
Carter was elected governor of Georgia in 1970.
The 1950’s saw the beginning of change in race relations in the South. Aided by Supreme Court decisions and federal laws, blacks gradually gained educational, economic and political rights and opportunities hitherto denied them in the region. There was considerable white resistance to change. While Jimmy Carter did not join that at the time, neither did he strongly oppose it.
However, upon becoming governor in January 1971, he declared: “I say to you quite frankly that the time for racial discriminations is over. No poor, rural, weak, or black person should ever have to bear the additional burden of being deprived of the opportunity of an education, a job, or simple justice.”
During the Carter Administration in Georgia the number of blacks on major state boards and agencies rose from 3 to 53. The number of black state employees nearly doubled.
While governor Carter began to move toward national Democratic politics, but he was almost completely unknown when he announced late in 1974 that he would be a candidate for the Democratic Presidential nominations. Leaving the governorship in January 1975, he spent many months campaigning outside Georgia. Even so a public opinion poll in October 1975 ranking possible candidates did not mention him.
The effects of the Watergate scandal lingered among Americans in 1976. Washington D.C., “insiders” were still suspect, and confidence in professional politicians remained low. Carter stressed that he was an “outsider”. He knew nothing about Washington but he would if elected, become a breath of fresh and honest air in that city. And the name recognition problem faded as Jimmy Carter won numerous primaries in 1976. At the Democratic convention in New York City that summer he received the nomination on the first ballot. Carter went on to win in November. He defeated President Gerald R. Ford. Once in the White House, Carter ended much of the ceremony and pageantry that had marked officials receptions there.
Rosalynn Carter became an active representative of Carter’s
administration. In 1977, she led a U.S. delegation on a tour of Latin America. She also worked to help women gain equal rights and to improve care for the elderly and the mentally ill.

A Challenged Presidency
Inflation and energy proved to be Carter’s chief problems in the presidency. He spend much time trying to develop an energy policy that would reduce American dependence on imported oil. Congress created a Department of Energy in 1977 to co-ordinate federal efforts. No Carter program had much effect inflation, through.
President Carter made other nations’ adherence to human rights an important foreign affairs issue. In 1978, he strengthened ties between the U.S. and the Communist regime in China. He also won senate ratification of two treaties that eventually turn over control of the Panama Canal to Panama. He reached a second Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty with the Soviet Union, then asked the U.S. Senate to postpone considering it for ratification after Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan in 1979. Perhaps President Carter’s greatest achievement was in getting Israel and Egypt to sign a peace treaty in March 1979, ending a 30-year state of war between the two nations.

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